home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
open in:
MacOS 8.1
|
Win98
|
DOS
view JSON data
|
view as text
This file was processed as: LaTeX Document
(document/latex).
You can browse this item here: disss.tex
Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
---|
100%
| dexvert
| LaTeX Document (document/latex)
| magic
| Supported |
1%
| dexvert
| Text File (text/txt)
| fallback
| Supported |
100%
| file
| LaTeX document text
| default
| |
99%
| file
| LaTeX document, ASCII text, with CR line terminators
| default
| |
100%
| checkBytes
| Printable ASCII
| default
| |
100%
| perlTextCheck
| Likely Text (Perl)
| default
| |
100%
| siegfried
| fmt/281 LaTeX (Subdocument)
| default
| |
100%
| detectItEasy
| Format: plain text[CR]
| default (weak)
|
|
id metadata |
---|
key | value |
---|
macFileType | [TEXT] |
macFileCreator | [ttxt] |
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 5c 61 70 70 65 6e 64 69 | 78 0d 5c 63 68 61 70 74 |\appendi|x.\chapt|
|00000010| 65 72 7b 44 69 73 2d 61 | 73 73 65 6d 62 6c 69 6e |er{Dis-a|ssemblin|
|00000020| 67 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c | 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 6d |g \RLaB\| Program|
|00000030| 73 7d 0d 5c 69 6e 64 65 | 78 7b 64 69 73 61 73 73 |s}.\inde|x{disass|
|00000040| 65 6d 62 65 72 7d 0d 5c | 69 6e 64 65 78 7b 75 73 |ember}.\|index{us|
|00000050| 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | 64 69 73 61 73 73 65 6d |ing the |disassem|
|00000060| 62 6c 65 72 7d 0d 0d 54 | 68 69 73 20 63 68 61 70 |bler}..T|his chap|
|00000070| 74 65 72 20 64 65 73 63 | 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 |ter desc|ribes th|
|00000080| 65 20 70 75 72 70 6f 73 | 65 20 61 6e 64 20 75 73 |e purpos|e and us|
|00000090| 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 |age of t|he \RLaB|
|000000a0| 5c 0d 64 69 73 61 73 73 | 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 2c 20 |\.disass|embler, |
|000000b0| 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c | 65 20 62 79 20 75 73 69 |availabl|e by usi|
|000000c0| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 60 | 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 2d 64 |ng the `|\verb+-d|
|000000d0| 2b 27 20 6f 70 74 69 6f | 6e 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 74 |+' optio|n from t|
|000000e0| 68 65 0d 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | 6e 64 2d 6c 69 6e 65 2e |he.comma|nd-line.|
|000000f0| 20 54 68 65 20 64 69 73 | 2d 61 73 73 65 6d 62 6c | The dis|-assembl|
|00000100| 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 73 | 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 75 |er has s|everal u|
|00000110| 73 65 73 3a 0d 0d 20 20 | 20 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b |ses:.. | \begin{|
|00000120| 69 74 65 6d 69 7a 65 7d | 0d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 |itemize}|.. |
|00000130| 5c 69 74 65 6d 20 50 72 | 6f 76 69 64 65 73 20 69 |\item Pr|ovides i|
|00000140| 6e 73 69 67 68 74 20 69 | 6e 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 |nsight i|nto the |
|00000150| 69 6e 74 65 72 6e 61 6c | 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 |internal| operati|
|00000160| 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c |on of th|e \RLaB\|
|00000170| 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 76 | 69 72 74 75 61 6c 20 6d |. v|irtual m|
|00000180| 61 63 68 69 6e 65 2e 0d | 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 5c |achine..|. \|
|00000190| 69 74 65 6d 20 50 72 6f | 76 69 64 65 73 20 61 6e |item Pro|vides an|
|000001a0| 20 65 78 63 65 6c 6c 65 | 6e 74 20 74 6f 6f 6c 20 | excelle|nt tool |
|000001b0| 66 6f 72 20 64 65 62 75 | 67 67 69 6e 67 20 6e 65 |for debu|gging ne|
|000001c0| 77 20 61 64 64 69 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 6f 72 0d 20 |w additi|ons or. |
|000001d0| 20 20 20 20 20 63 68 61 | 6e 67 65 73 20 74 6f 20 | cha|nges to |
|000001e0| 74 68 65 20 6f 70 65 72 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 |the oper|ation of|
|000001f0| 20 74 68 65 20 76 69 72 | 74 75 61 6c 20 6d 61 63 | the vir|tual mac|
|00000200| 68 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0d 20 | 20 20 5c 65 6e 64 7b 69 |hine... | \end{i|
|00000210| 74 65 6d 69 7a 65 7d 0d | 0d 48 6f 77 65 76 65 72 |temize}.|.However|
|00000220| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 | 73 2d 61 73 73 65 6d 62 |, the di|s-assemb|
|00000230| 6c 65 72 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 6e 6f 74 20 6e 6f 72 |ler will| not nor|
|00000240| 6d 61 6c 6c 79 20 68 65 | 6c 70 20 75 73 65 72 73 |mally he|lp users|
|00000250| 20 64 65 62 75 67 20 74 | 68 65 69 72 0d 5c 52 4c | debug t|heir.\RL|
|00000260| 61 42 5c 20 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 73 2e 20 49 74 |aB\ prog|rams. It|
|00000270| 20 69 73 20 61 20 74 6f | 6f 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 77 | is a to|ol for w|
|00000280| 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 6f | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 5c 52 |orking o|n the \R|
|00000290| 4c 61 42 5c 20 65 78 65 | 63 75 74 61 62 6c 65 2c |LaB\ exe|cutable,|
|000002a0| 0d 72 61 74 68 65 72 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 61 20 74 |.rather |than a t|
|000002b0| 6f 6f 6c 20 66 6f 72 20 | 77 6f 72 6b 69 6e 67 20 |ool for |working |
|000002c0| 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |with the| \RLaB\ |
|000002d0| 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 | 2e 0d 0d 0d 20 54 68 65 |language|.... The|
|000002e0| 20 64 69 73 2d 61 73 73 | 65 6d 62 6c 65 72 20 70 | dis-ass|embler p|
|000002f0| 72 6f 64 75 63 65 73 20 | 61 20 72 65 61 64 61 62 |roduces |a readab|
|00000300| 6c 65 20 72 65 70 72 65 | 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f |le repre|sentatio|
|00000310| 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 | 0d 76 69 72 74 75 61 6c |n of the|.virtual|
|00000320| 2d 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 | 20 63 6f 64 65 73 2e 20 |-machine| codes. |
|00000330| 49 74 20 69 73 20 72 65 | 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 64 65 |It is re|commende|
|00000340| 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 74 68 65 20 60 |d that t|he the `|
|00000350| 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 2d 71 | 2b 27 2c 0d 60 5c 76 65 |\verb+-q|+',.`\ve|
|00000360| 72 62 2b 2d 6c 2b 27 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 60 5c 76 |rb+-l+',| and `\v|
|00000370| 65 72 62 2b 2d 6e 2b 27 | 20 62 65 20 75 73 65 64 |erb+-n+'| be used|
|00000380| 20 69 6e 20 63 6f 6e 6a | 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 | in conj|unction |
|00000390| 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 | 0d 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b |with the|.`\verb+|
|000003a0| 2d 64 2b 27 20 6f 70 74 | 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 69 6e |-d+' opt|ion, sin|
|000003b0| 63 65 20 74 68 69 73 20 | 63 6f 6d 62 69 6e 61 74 |ce this |combinat|
|000003c0| 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 |ion will| produce|
|000003d0| 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 72 65 | 61 64 61 62 6c 65 0d 6f | more re|adable.o|
|000003e0| 75 74 70 75 74 2e 20 49 | 74 20 69 73 20 61 6c 6d |utput. I|t is alm|
|000003f0| 6f 73 74 20 65 73 73 65 | 6e 74 69 61 6c 2c 20 75 |ost esse|ntial, u|
|00000400| 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f | 75 20 61 72 65 20 7b 5c |nless yo|u are {\|
|00000410| 65 6d 20 65 78 74 72 65 | 6d 65 6c 79 7d 0d 70 61 |em extre|mely}.pa|
|00000420| 74 69 65 6e 74 2c 20 74 | 6f 20 75 73 65 20 74 68 |tient, t|o use th|
|00000430| 65 20 60 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 2d 6c 2b 27 20 6f 70 |e `\verb|+-l+' op|
|00000440| 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 77 68 | 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c |tion, wh|ich will|
|00000450| 20 70 72 65 76 65 6e 74 | 20 6c 6f 61 64 69 6e 67 | prevent| loading|
|00000460| 0d 6f 66 20 61 6c 6c 20 | 74 68 65 20 52 2d 66 69 |.of all |the R-fi|
|00000470| 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 | 68 65 20 5c 76 65 72 62 |les in t|he \verb|
|00000480| 2b 72 6c 69 62 2b 20 64 | 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 79 |+rlib+ d|irectory|
|00000490| 2e 20 46 61 69 6c 75 72 | 65 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 |. Failur|e to use|
|000004a0| 0d 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b | 2d 6c 2b 27 20 69 6e 20 |.`\verb+|-l+' in |
|000004b0| 63 6f 6e 6a 75 6e 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 |conjunct|ion with|
|000004c0| 20 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b | 2d 64 2b 27 20 77 69 6c | `\verb+|-d+' wil|
|000004d0| 6c 20 66 6f 72 63 65 20 | 79 6f 75 20 74 6f 20 77 |l force |you to w|
|000004e0| 61 69 74 20 61 6e 0d 65 | 78 74 72 65 6d 65 6c 79 |ait an.e|xtremely|
|000004f0| 20 6c 6f 6e 67 20 74 69 | 6d 65 20 77 68 69 6c 65 | long ti|me while|
|00000500| 20 74 68 65 20 6f 70 2d | 63 6f 64 65 73 20 66 6f | the op-|codes fo|
|00000510| 72 20 65 61 63 68 20 6c | 69 62 72 61 72 79 20 66 |r each l|ibrary f|
|00000520| 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 61 72 65 0d 70 72 69 6e |unction |are.prin|
|00000530| 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 74 | 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 65 |ted to t|he scree|
|00000540| 6e 2e 20 54 68 65 20 60 | 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 2d 6e |n. The `|\verb+-n|
|00000550| 2b 27 20 6f 70 74 69 6f | 6e 20 6d 65 72 65 6c 79 |+' optio|n merely|
|00000560| 20 73 75 70 70 72 65 73 | 73 65 73 20 74 68 65 0d | suppres|ses the.|
|00000570| 67 65 6e 65 72 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 66 69 |generati|on of fi|
|00000580| 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 6c | 69 6e 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 |le and l|ine numb|
|00000590| 65 72 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 | 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 |er infor|mation, |
|000005a0| 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 6b 65 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 6f 75 |and make|s the ou|
|000005b0| 74 70 75 74 0d 6d 6f 72 | 65 20 72 65 61 64 61 62 |tput.mor|e readab|
|000005c0| 6c 65 2e 0d 0d 46 6f 72 | 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |le...For| example|
|000005d0| 2c 20 6c 65 74 73 20 69 | 6e 76 6f 6b 65 20 5c 52 |, lets i|nvoke \R|
|000005e0| 4c 61 42 5c 20 77 69 74 | 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f |LaB\ wit|h the co|
|000005f0| 72 72 65 63 74 20 6f 70 | 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 6e |rrect op|tions an|
|00000600| 64 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 | 74 0d 74 68 65 20 6f 75 |d look a|t.the ou|
|00000610| 74 70 75 74 20 66 72 6f | 6d 20 61 20 73 69 6d 70 |tput fro|m a simp|
|00000620| 6c 65 20 65 78 70 72 65 | 73 73 69 6f 6e 3a 0d 0d |le expre|ssion:..|
|00000630| 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 | 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d |\begin{v|erbatim}|
|00000640| 0d 61 75 67 65 72 69 6e | 6e 3a 7e 24 20 72 6c 61 |.augerin|n:~$ rla|
|00000650| 62 20 2d 71 72 6c 64 6e | 0d 57 65 6c 63 6f 6d 65 |b -qrldn|.Welcome|
|00000660| 20 74 6f 20 52 4c 61 42 | 2e 20 4e 65 77 20 75 73 | to RLaB|. New us|
|00000670| 65 72 73 20 74 79 70 65 | 20 60 68 65 6c 70 20 49 |ers type| `help I|
|00000680| 4e 54 52 4f 27 0d 52 4c | 61 42 20 76 65 72 73 69 |NTRO'.RL|aB versi|
|00000690| 6f 6e 20 30 2e 39 37 64 | 20 62 65 74 61 20 43 6f |on 0.97d| beta Co|
|000006a0| 70 79 72 69 67 68 74 20 | 28 43 29 20 31 39 39 32 |pyright |(C) 1992|
|000006b0| 2c 20 39 33 2c 20 39 34 | 20 49 61 6e 20 53 65 61 |, 93, 94| Ian Sea|
|000006c0| 72 6c 65 0d 52 4c 61 42 | 20 63 6f 6d 65 73 20 77 |rle.RLaB| comes w|
|000006d0| 69 74 68 20 41 42 53 4f | 4c 55 54 45 4c 59 20 4e |ith ABSO|LUTELY N|
|000006e0| 4f 20 57 41 52 52 41 4e | 54 59 3b 20 66 6f 72 20 |O WARRAN|TY; for |
|000006f0| 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 20 | 74 79 70 65 20 60 68 65 |details |type `he|
|00000700| 6c 70 20 57 41 52 52 41 | 4e 54 59 27 0d 54 68 69 |lp WARRA|NTY'.Thi|
|00000710| 73 20 69 73 20 66 72 65 | 65 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 |s is fre|e softwa|
|00000720| 72 65 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 | 79 6f 75 20 61 72 65 20 |re, and |you are |
|00000730| 77 65 6c 63 6f 6d 65 20 | 74 6f 20 72 65 64 69 73 |welcome |to redis|
|00000740| 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 20 | 69 74 20 75 6e 64 65 72 |tribute |it under|
|00000750| 0d 63 65 72 74 61 69 6e | 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 |.certain| conditi|
|00000760| 6f 6e 73 3b 20 74 79 70 | 65 20 60 68 65 6c 70 20 |ons; typ|e `help |
|00000770| 43 4f 4e 44 49 54 49 4f | 4e 53 27 20 66 6f 72 20 |CONDITIO|NS' for |
|00000780| 64 65 74 61 69 6c 73 0d | 3e 20 31 20 2b 20 33 20 |details.|> 1 + 3 |
|00000790| 2d 20 32 20 20 0d 20 20 | 20 31 3a 20 70 75 73 68 |- 2 . | 1: push|
|000007a0| 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e | 74 0d 20 20 20 32 3a 20 | constan|t. 2: |
|000007b0| 31 0d 20 20 20 33 3a 20 | 70 75 73 68 20 63 6f 6e |1. 3: |push con|
|000007c0| 73 74 61 6e 74 0d 20 20 | 20 34 3a 20 33 0d 20 20 |stant. | 4: 3. |
|000007d0| 20 35 3a 20 61 64 64 0d | 20 20 20 36 3a 20 70 75 | 5: add.| 6: pu|
|000007e0| 73 68 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 | 61 6e 74 0d 20 20 20 37 |sh const|ant. 7|
|000007f0| 3a 20 32 0d 20 20 20 38 | 3a 20 73 75 62 0d 20 20 |: 2. 8|: sub. |
|00000800| 20 39 3a 20 70 72 69 6e | 74 0d 20 20 31 30 3a 20 | 9: prin|t. 10: |
|00000810| 73 74 6f 70 0d 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 32 0d 5c |stop. | 2.\|
|00000820| 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d 0d 57 |end{verb|atim}..W|
|00000830| 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 | 73 65 65 20 69 73 20 74 |hat you |see is t|
|00000840| 68 65 20 69 6e 74 65 72 | 6e 61 6c 20 72 65 70 72 |he inter|nal repr|
|00000850| 65 73 65 6e 74 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |esentati|on of th|
|00000860| 65 20 65 78 70 72 65 73 | 73 69 6f 6e 20 0d 60 5c |e expres|sion .`\|
|00000870| 76 65 72 62 7c 31 20 2b | 20 33 20 2d 20 32 7c 27 |verb|1 +| 3 - 2|'|
|00000880| 2e 20 54 68 65 20 70 61 | 72 73 65 72 20 67 65 6e |. The pa|rser gen|
|00000890| 65 72 61 74 65 73 20 74 | 68 65 20 6f 70 2d 63 6f |erates t|he op-co|
|000008a0| 64 65 73 20 61 6e 64 20 | 73 74 6f 72 65 73 20 74 |des and |stores t|
|000008b0| 68 65 6d 0d 69 6e 74 65 | 72 6e 61 6c 6c 79 20 66 |hem.inte|rnally f|
|000008c0| 6f 72 20 65 78 65 63 75 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 79 20 |or execu|tion by |
|000008d0| 74 68 65 20 76 69 72 74 | 75 61 6c 2d 6d 61 63 68 |the virt|ual-mach|
|000008e0| 69 6e 65 2e 0d 0d 54 68 | 65 20 76 69 72 74 75 61 |ine...Th|e virtua|
|000008f0| 6c 2d 6d 61 63 68 69 6e | 65 20 69 6e 20 5c 52 4c |l-machin|e in \RL|
|00000900| 61 42 5c 20 69 73 20 61 | 20 69 6e 74 65 72 6e 61 |aB\ is a| interna|
|00000910| 6c 20 73 74 61 63 6b 2d | 6d 61 63 68 69 6e 65 20 |l stack-|machine |
|00000920| 77 68 69 63 68 0d 73 65 | 71 75 65 6e 74 69 61 6c |which.se|quential|
|00000930| 6c 79 20 65 78 65 63 75 | 74 65 73 20 69 6e 74 65 |ly execu|tes inte|
|00000940| 67 65 72 20 69 6e 73 74 | 72 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 |ger inst|ructions|
|00000950| 2e 20 54 68 65 20 69 6e | 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f |. The in|structio|
|00000960| 6e 73 2c 20 6f 72 0d 6f | 70 2d 63 6f 64 65 73 2c |ns, or.o|p-codes,|
|00000970| 20 61 72 65 20 63 72 65 | 61 74 65 64 20 61 73 20 | are cre|ated as |
|00000980| 65 61 63 68 20 73 74 61 | 74 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 |each sta|tement i|
|00000990| 73 20 72 65 61 64 20 61 | 6e 64 20 70 61 72 73 65 |s read a|nd parse|
|000009a0| 64 2e 20 54 68 65 0d 6f | 70 2d 63 6f 64 65 73 20 |d. The.o|p-codes |
|000009b0| 61 72 65 20 74 68 65 6e | 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 |are then| execute|
|000009c0| 64 20 61 73 20 73 6f 6f | 6e 20 61 73 20 61 20 76 |d as soo|n as a v|
|000009d0| 61 6c 69 64 20 65 6e 64 | 2d 6f 66 2d 73 74 61 74 |alid end|-of-stat|
|000009e0| 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 | 0d 72 65 61 63 68 65 64 |ement is|.reached|
|000009f0| 2e 20 46 6f 72 20 75 73 | 65 72 2d 66 75 6e 63 74 |. For us|er-funct|
|00000a00| 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 74 68 | 65 20 6f 70 2d 63 6f 64 |ions, th|e op-cod|
|00000a10| 65 73 20 61 72 65 20 73 | 74 6f 72 65 64 20 61 73 |es are s|tored as|
|00000a20| 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c | 65 73 2c 0d 74 68 65 6e | variabl|es,.then|
|00000a30| 20 65 78 65 63 75 74 65 | 64 20 65 61 63 68 20 74 | execute|d each t|
|00000a40| 69 6d 65 20 74 68 65 20 | 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 |ime the |variable|
|00000a50| 20 69 73 20 75 73 65 64 | 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 75 | is used| in a fu|
|00000a60| 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 65 | 76 61 6c 75 61 74 69 6f |nction e|valuatio|
|00000a70| 6e 2e 0d 54 68 65 72 65 | 66 6f 72 65 2c 20 61 20 |n..There|fore, a |
|00000a80| 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | 20 6e 65 65 64 20 6f 6e |function| need on|
|00000a90| 6c 79 20 62 65 20 70 61 | 72 73 65 64 20 74 68 65 |ly be pa|rsed the|
|00000aa0| 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 74 | 69 6d 65 20 69 74 20 69 | first t|ime it i|
|00000ab0| 73 20 75 73 65 64 2e 0d | 0d 4e 6f 77 20 6c 65 74 |s used..|.Now let|
|00000ac0| 20 75 73 20 6c 6f 6f 6b | 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | us look| at the |
|00000ad0| 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 61 | 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c |use of a| variabl|
|00000ae0| 65 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e | 6d 65 6e 74 2e 20 20 54 |e assign|ment. T|
|00000af0| 68 65 20 6f 6e 6c 79 0d | 72 65 61 6c 20 64 69 66 |he only.|real dif|
|00000b00| 66 65 72 65 6e 63 65 20 | 62 65 74 77 65 65 6e 20 |ference |between |
|00000b10| 74 68 69 73 20 61 6e 64 | 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 65 |this and| the pre|
|00000b20| 76 69 6f 75 73 20 65 78 | 61 6d 70 6c 65 20 69 73 |vious ex|ample is|
|00000b30| 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 | 20 6f 66 0d 74 68 65 20 | the use| of.the |
|00000b40| 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 61 73 | 73 69 67 6e 2b 20 6f 70 |\verb+as|sign+ op|
|00000b50| 65 72 61 74 6f 72 2e 20 | 20 0d 5c 62 65 67 69 6e |erator. | .\begin|
|00000b60| 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 | 6d 7d 0d 3e 20 61 20 3d |{verbati|m}.> a =|
|00000b70| 20 33 0d 20 20 20 31 3a | 20 70 75 73 68 20 76 61 | 3. 1:| push va|
|00000b80| 72 0d 20 20 20 32 3a 20 | 61 0d 20 20 20 33 3a 20 |r. 2: |a. 3: |
|00000b90| 70 75 73 68 20 63 6f 6e | 73 74 61 6e 74 0d 20 20 |push con|stant. |
|00000ba0| 20 34 3a 20 33 0d 20 20 | 20 35 3a 20 61 73 73 69 | 4: 3. | 5: assi|
|00000bb0| 67 6e 0d 20 20 20 36 3a | 20 70 72 69 6e 74 0d 20 |gn. 6:| print. |
|00000bc0| 20 20 37 3a 20 73 74 6f | 70 0d 20 61 20 3d 0d 20 | 7: sto|p. a =. |
|00000bd0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 33 | 0d 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 | 3|.\end{ve|
|00000be0| 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0d | 0d 54 68 65 20 75 73 65 |rbatim}.|.The use|
|00000bf0| 20 6f 66 20 61 20 74 72 | 61 69 6c 69 6e 67 20 73 | of a tr|ailing s|
|00000c00| 65 6d 69 2d 63 6f 6c 6f | 6e 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 |emi-colo|n makes |
|00000c10| 61 20 73 6c 69 67 68 74 | 20 63 68 61 6e 67 65 20 |a slight| change |
|00000c20| 2d 20 74 68 65 0d 5c 76 | 65 72 62 2b 70 72 69 6e |- the.\v|erb+prin|
|00000c30| 74 2b 20 69 73 20 63 68 | 61 6e 67 65 64 20 74 6f |t+ is ch|anged to|
|00000c40| 20 61 20 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 70 6f 70 20 63 6c 65 | a \verb|+pop cle|
|00000c50| 61 6e 2b 2e 20 20 0d 0d | 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 |an+. ..|\begin{v|
|00000c60| 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d | 0d 3e 20 61 20 3d 20 33 |erbatim}|.> a = 3|
|00000c70| 3b 0d 20 20 20 31 3a 20 | 70 75 73 68 20 76 61 72 |;. 1: |push var|
|00000c80| 0d 20 20 20 32 3a 20 61 | 0d 20 20 20 33 3a 20 70 |. 2: a|. 3: p|
|00000c90| 75 73 68 20 63 6f 6e 73 | 74 61 6e 74 0d 20 20 20 |ush cons|tant. |
|00000ca0| 34 3a 20 33 0d 20 20 20 | 35 3a 20 61 73 73 69 67 |4: 3. |5: assig|
|00000cb0| 6e 0d 20 20 20 36 3a 20 | 70 6f 70 20 63 6c 65 61 |n. 6: |pop clea|
|00000cc0| 6e 0d 20 20 20 37 3a 20 | 73 74 6f 70 0d 5c 65 6e |n. 7: |stop.\en|
|00000cd0| 64 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 | 69 6d 7d 0d 0d 43 6f 6d |d{verbat|im}..Com|
|00000ce0| 62 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 74 | 68 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 |bining t|he opera|
|00000cf0| 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 | 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 20 |tion and| assign |
|00000d00| 6f 70 65 72 61 74 6f 72 | 73 20 69 73 20 6a 75 73 |operator|s is jus|
|00000d10| 74 20 61 73 20 79 6f 75 | 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 0d 65 |t as you| would.e|
|00000d20| 78 70 65 63 74 2c 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 |xpect, w|ith the |
|00000d30| 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 62 | 65 69 6e 67 20 63 61 6c |result b|eing cal|
|00000d40| 63 75 6c 61 74 65 64 2c | 20 74 68 65 6e 20 61 73 |culated,| then as|
|00000d50| 73 69 67 6e 65 64 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6c 65 |signed t|o the le|
|00000d60| 66 74 0d 68 61 6e 64 20 | 73 69 64 65 20 76 61 72 |ft.hand |side var|
|00000d70| 69 61 62 6c 65 2e 0d 0d | 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 |iable...|\begin{v|
|00000d80| 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d | 0d 3e 20 62 20 3d 20 61 |erbatim}|.> b = a|
|00000d90| 20 2d 20 32 0d 20 20 20 | 31 3a 20 70 75 73 68 20 | - 2. |1: push |
|00000da0| 76 61 72 0d 20 20 20 32 | 3a 20 62 0d 20 20 20 33 |var. 2|: b. 3|
|00000db0| 3a 20 70 75 73 68 20 76 | 61 72 0d 20 20 20 34 3a |: push v|ar. 4:|
|00000dc0| 20 61 0d 20 20 20 35 3a | 20 70 75 73 68 20 63 6f | a. 5:| push co|
|00000dd0| 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 0d 20 | 20 20 36 3a 20 32 0d 20 |nstant. | 6: 2. |
|00000de0| 20 20 37 3a 20 73 75 62 | 0d 20 20 20 38 3a 20 61 | 7: sub|. 8: a|
|00000df0| 73 73 69 67 6e 0d 20 20 | 20 39 3a 20 70 72 69 6e |ssign. | 9: prin|
|00000e00| 74 0d 20 20 31 30 3a 20 | 73 74 6f 70 0d 20 62 20 |t. 10: |stop. b |
|00000e10| 3d 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 31 0d 5c 65 6e 64 |=. | 1.\end|
|00000e20| 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 | 6d 7d 0d 0d 0d 54 68 65 |{verbati|m}...The|
|00000e30| 20 73 74 61 63 6b 20 73 | 75 70 70 6f 72 74 73 20 | stack s|upports |
|00000e40| 74 77 6f 20 62 61 73 69 | 63 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 |two basi|c operat|
|00000e50| 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 70 75 | 73 68 20 61 6e 64 20 70 |ions, pu|sh and p|
|00000e60| 6f 70 2c 20 61 73 20 77 | 65 6c 6c 20 61 73 0d 73 |op, as w|ell as.s|
|00000e70| 6f 6d 65 20 6f 74 68 65 | 72 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 |ome othe|r operat|
|00000e80| 69 6f 6e 73 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 61 72 65 20 75 6e |ions tha|t are un|
|00000e90| 69 71 75 65 20 74 6f 20 | 5c 52 4c 61 42 20 2e 20 |ique to |\RLaB . |
|00000ea0| 54 6f 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 | 20 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 |To fully| underst|
|00000eb0| 61 6e 64 0d 74 68 65 20 | 6f 70 2d 63 6f 64 65 73 |and.the |op-codes|
|00000ec0| 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6e | 65 63 65 73 73 61 72 79 | it is n|ecessary|
|00000ed0| 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 6f 6b | 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | to look| at the |
|00000ee0| 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 63 | 6f 64 65 3b 20 61 6e 0d |source c|ode; an.|
|00000ef0| 75 6e 64 65 72 73 74 61 | 6e 64 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 |understa|nding of|
|00000f00| 20 60 60 59 41 43 43 2d | 6c 69 6b 65 27 27 20 42 | ``YACC-|like'' B|
|00000f10| 4e 46 20 67 72 61 6d 6d | 61 72 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 |NF gramm|ars, and|
|00000f20| 20 43 20 69 73 20 61 6c | 73 6f 20 72 65 71 75 69 | C is al|so requi|
|00000f30| 72 65 64 2e 0d 49 66 20 | 79 6f 75 20 75 6e 64 65 |red..If |you unde|
|00000f40| 72 73 74 61 6e 64 20 73 | 74 61 63 6b 2d 6d 61 63 |rstand s|tack-mac|
|00000f50| 68 69 6e 65 73 20 6d 61 | 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |hines ma|ny of th|
|00000f60| 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 61 6e |e operat|ions can|
|00000f70| 20 62 65 0d 64 65 64 75 | 63 65 64 2e 20 48 6f 77 | be.dedu|ced. How|
|00000f80| 65 76 65 72 2c 20 73 6f | 6d 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |ever, so|me of th|
|00000f90| 65 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 65 |e operat|ions are|
|00000fa0| 20 63 6f 6e 66 75 73 69 | 6e 67 20 77 68 65 6e 20 | confusi|ng when |
|00000fb0| 65 78 70 72 65 73 73 65 | 64 0d 69 6e 20 6f 70 2d |expresse|d.in op-|
|00000fc0| 63 6f 64 65 73 2e 20 46 | 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 |codes. F|or examp|
|00000fd0| 6c 65 20 61 20 66 75 6e | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 |le a fun|ction ca|
|00000fe0| 6c 6c 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 65 78 70 72 65 73 73 69 |ll with |expressi|
|00000ff0| 6f 6e 73 20 65 6d 62 65 | 64 64 65 64 20 69 6e 0d |ons embe|dded in.|
|00001000| 74 68 65 20 61 72 67 75 | 6d 65 6e 74 20 6c 69 73 |the argu|ment lis|
|00001010| 74 3a 0d 0d 5c 62 65 67 | 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 |t:..\beg|in{verba|
|00001020| 74 69 6d 7d 0d 3e 20 73 | 71 72 74 20 28 20 28 31 |tim}.> s|qrt ( (1|
|00001030| 2b 32 29 2a 33 20 29 0d | 20 20 20 31 3a 20 70 75 |+2)*3 ).| 1: pu|
|00001040| 73 68 20 76 61 72 0d 20 | 20 20 32 3a 20 73 71 72 |sh var. | 2: sqr|
|00001050| 74 0d 20 20 20 33 3a 20 | 70 75 73 68 20 63 6f 6e |t. 3: |push con|
|00001060| 73 74 61 6e 74 0d 20 20 | 20 34 3a 20 31 0d 20 20 |stant. | 4: 1. |
|00001070| 20 35 3a 20 70 75 73 68 | 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e | 5: push| constan|
|00001080| 74 0d 20 20 20 36 3a 20 | 32 0d 20 20 20 37 3a 20 |t. 6: |2. 7: |
|00001090| 61 64 64 0d 20 20 20 38 | 3a 20 70 75 73 68 20 63 |add. 8|: push c|
|000010a0| 6f 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 0d | 20 20 20 39 3a 20 33 0d |onstant.| 9: 3.|
|000010b0| 20 20 31 30 3a 20 6d 75 | 6c 74 69 70 6c 79 0d 20 | 10: mu|ltiply. |
|000010c0| 20 31 31 3a 20 66 75 6e | 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 61 | 11: fun|ction ca|
|000010d0| 6c 6c 0d 20 20 31 32 3a | 20 31 0d 20 20 31 33 3a |ll. 12:| 1. 13:|
|000010e0| 20 70 72 69 6e 74 0d 20 | 20 31 34 3a 20 73 74 6f | print. | 14: sto|
|000010f0| 70 0d 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 33 0d 5c 65 6e 64 |p. | 3.\end|
|00001100| 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 | 6d 7d 0d 0d 20 20 20 54 |{verbati|m}.. T|
|00001110| 68 69 73 20 65 78 61 6d | 70 6c 65 20 69 73 20 73 |his exam|ple is s|
|00001120| 6f 6d 65 77 68 61 74 20 | 63 6f 6e 66 75 73 69 6e |omewhat |confusin|
|00001130| 67 20 62 65 63 61 75 73 | 65 20 5c 76 65 72 62 2b |g becaus|e \verb+|
|00001140| 73 71 72 74 2b 20 73 65 | 65 6d 73 20 74 6f 20 62 |sqrt+ se|ems to b|
|00001150| 65 0d 20 20 20 74 72 65 | 61 74 65 64 20 6c 69 6b |e. tre|ated lik|
|00001160| 65 20 61 6e 20 6f 72 64 | 69 6e 61 72 79 20 76 61 |e an ord|inary va|
|00001170| 72 69 61 62 6c 65 3b 20 | 69 74 20 69 73 2c 20 61 |riable; |it is, a|
|00001180| 6e 64 20 69 74 20 73 68 | 6f 75 6c 64 20 62 65 2e |nd it sh|ould be.|
|00001190| 20 54 68 65 0d 20 20 20 | 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 66 | The. |`\verb+f|
|000011a0| 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 63 61 6c 6c 27 2b 27 20 |unction |call'+' |
|000011b0| 6f 70 2d 63 6f 64 65 20 | 64 6f 65 73 20 6e 6f 74 |op-code |does not|
|000011c0| 20 61 70 70 65 61 72 20 | 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 74 68 | appear |until th|
|000011d0| 65 20 24 31 31 5e 7b 74 | 68 7d 24 0d 20 20 20 6f |e $11^{t|h}$. o|
|000011e0| 70 2d 63 6f 64 65 2c 20 | 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 66 74 |p-code, |well aft|
|000011f0| 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 76 | 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 |er the v|ariable |
|00001200| 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 73 71 | 72 74 2b 20 68 61 73 20 |\verb+sq|rt+ has |
|00001210| 62 65 65 6e 20 70 75 73 | 68 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 74 |been pus|hed on t|
|00001220| 68 65 0d 20 20 20 73 74 | 61 63 6b 2e 20 59 6f 75 |he. st|ack. You|
|00001230| 20 70 72 6f 62 61 62 6c | 79 20 77 6f 75 6c 64 6e | probabl|y wouldn|
|00001240| 27 74 20 66 69 67 75 72 | 65 20 6f 75 74 20 74 68 |'t figur|e out th|
|00001250| 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 6e | 75 6d 62 65 72 20 31 2c |at the n|umber 1,|
|00001260| 20 74 68 65 0d 20 20 20 | 24 31 32 5e 7b 74 68 7d | the. |$12^{th}|
|00001270| 24 20 6f 70 2d 63 6f 64 | 65 2c 20 69 73 20 74 68 |$ op-cod|e, is th|
|00001280| 65 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 | 20 6f 66 20 66 75 6e 63 |e number| of func|
|00001290| 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 72 67 | 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 75 |tion arg|uments u|
|000012a0| 6e 6c 65 73 73 20 79 6f | 75 0d 20 20 20 68 61 64 |nless yo|u. had|
|000012b0| 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 65 64 20 | 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 67 | looked |at the g|
|000012c0| 72 61 6d 6d 61 72 20 66 | 6f 72 20 66 75 6e 63 74 |rammar f|or funct|
|000012d0| 69 6f 6e 20 65 76 61 6c | 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e |ion eval|uations.|
|000012e0| 20 0d 0d 20 20 20 49 6e | 20 63 6f 6e 63 6c 75 73 | .. In| conclus|
|000012f0| 69 6f 6e 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b |ion, the| `\verb+|
|00001300| 2d 64 2b 27 20 63 6f 6d | 6d 61 6e 64 2d 6c 69 6e |-d+' com|mand-lin|
|00001310| 65 20 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e | 20 69 73 20 70 72 69 6d |e option| is prim|
|00001320| 61 72 69 6c 79 0d 20 20 | 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 |arily. | availab|
|00001330| 6c 65 20 73 69 6e 63 65 | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |le since| \RLaB\ |
|00001340| 69 73 20 61 20 64 69 73 | 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 64 |is a dis|tributed|
|00001350| 20 61 73 20 73 6f 75 72 | 63 65 20 63 6f 64 65 2c | as sour|ce code,|
|00001360| 20 49 74 20 64 6f 65 73 | 20 6e 6f 74 0d 20 20 20 | It does| not. |
|00001370| 6d 61 6b 65 20 6d 75 63 | 68 20 73 65 6e 73 65 20 |make muc|h sense |
|00001380| 74 6f 20 60 60 68 69 64 | 65 27 27 20 66 65 61 74 |to ``hid|e'' feat|
|00001390| 75 72 65 73 20 69 6e 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 |ures in |programs|
|000013a0| 20 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 | 75 74 65 64 20 74 68 69 | distrib|uted thi|
|000013b0| 73 0d 20 20 20 77 61 79 | 2e 20 54 68 65 20 64 69 |s. way|. The di|
|000013c0| 73 2d 61 73 73 65 6d 62 | 6c 65 72 20 6d 61 79 20 |s-assemb|ler may |
|000013d0| 6e 65 76 65 72 20 62 65 | 20 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 64 |never be| fully d|
|000013e0| 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 65 | 64 2c 20 63 65 72 74 61 |ocumente|d, certa|
|000013f0| 69 6e 6c 79 20 6e 6f 74 | 0d 20 20 20 75 6e 74 69 |inly not|. unti|
|00001400| 6c 20 61 66 74 65 72 20 | 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 |l after |version |
|00001410| 31 2e 30 20 6f 66 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 68 61 |1.0 of \|RLaB\ ha|
|00001420| 73 20 62 65 65 6e 20 72 | 65 6c 65 61 73 65 64 2e |s been r|eleased.|
|00001430| 20 4d 6f 73 74 20 75 73 | 65 72 73 0d 20 20 20 73 | Most us|ers. s|
|00001440| 68 6f 75 6c 64 20 6e 65 | 76 65 72 20 6e 65 65 64 |hould ne|ver need|
|00001450| 20 74 6f 20 75 73 65 20 | 74 68 69 73 20 6f 70 74 | to use |this opt|
|00001460| 69 6f 6e 2e 0d 0d 0d 0d | 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d 0d |ion.....|........|
|00001470| 0d 0d 0d | |... | |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+